John Major(I)
Sir John Major is the son of Tom Major-Ball, a retired circus performer who was 65 when Major came into the world. He attended Cheam Common Primary School and Rutlish Grammar
School, where he had an undistinguished academic career. In the mid
'50s, his family was forced to move to Brixton, a poor neighborhood in
South London and live in a cramped flat on Coldharbour Lane. Major
did not do well in secondary school and dropped out at age 16. Much
later, he said that he could have been a better student and wished he
had stayed in school.
Throughout the early 1960s, Major worked odd jobs, but was unemployed for much of the time. He occupied himself by joining the Young Conservatives. He finally found steady employment in 1963, working for the London Electricity Board. He also took a correspondence course in banking, which would become his main career. He took a job as an executive at the Standard Charter Bank, which sent him on a business trip to Nigeria in 1967. Nigeria was in the middle of the Biafra War and Major almost died in a car crash there. He survived the car accident, but lost a kneecap. He married his wife, Norma Wagstaff, in October 1970 and they have two children.
In the 1979 General Election, Major was elected Conservative MP for Huntington. He served in Parliament for twenty-two years. When neighboring MP John Wakeham was badly injured in the 1984 Brighton bombing, Major acted as substitute MP for Wakeham's constituency. The following year, Major was appointed Minister for Pensions and Social Security. He was appointed Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 1987 and in 1989, was appointed Foreign Secretary. He accompanied Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on the trip to Malaysia to meet with heads of other Commonwealth Countries. But after being Foreign Secretary for only three months, he was moved to the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer.
In November 1990, Michael Heseltine contested Thatcher for the leadership of the Conservative Party. Thatcher did not win the required two-thirds majority to remain leader, so a second ballot was held. Thatcher's cabinet all told her that she would lose a leadership ballot to Heseltine and encouraged her to resign. So on November 22, 1990, Thatcher stood down as Prime Minister. But the Conservatives still had to elect a new leader. Heseltine was in for the second ballot. Major now entered the contest, as Thatcher's preferred candidate. So did Douglas Hurd, the Foreign Secretary. Major won the second ballot and went on to become Prime Minister.
Major had some giant shoes to fill on becoming Prime Minister. At first, people welcomed his quiet, low-key and modest public manner, but it quickly became clear that John Major was just not up to the job. Nonetheless, he narrowly won the 1992 General Election for the Conservative Party. Major's term in office brought Britain's humiliating withdrawal from the ERM in late-1992. He tried to steer a middle course on Europe, but only angered both the pro-Europeans and the Eurosceptics in the Conservative Party. His failure to ratify the Maastrict Treaty in Britain cost him. He tried to re-focus the Conservative Party on "basics"--rule of law, police, family values, education--but this backfired as the media was encouraged to start digging for scandal, and they found it.
Major's authority was so badly diminished that in 1995, he brought matters to a head by calling a leadership ballot for July and vowing to step down if he did not receive the required majority. His line to his opponents was "Put up or shut up." He won the ballot, but it resolved nothing and he spent his last two years in office marking time. The Conservative Party lost its majority in Parliament in December 1996, but Major managed to stay in office for a few more months.
Finally, Major's term ran out and he called a General Election for May 1997. It was a long campaign, in which he hoped to stave off defeat and give the Labour Party, now led by Tony Blair, enough time to trip up and lose the election. But on 1 May 1997, the Conservative Party suffered its worst-ever defeat. Labour won by a landslide, with a 179 seat majority in Parliament. Major held his seat, but a number of cabinet ministers went down to defeat. Major resigned as leader of the Conservative Party immediately after the election, but he remained in Parliament until he stood down in the 2001 election.
As Prime Minister, Major engaged in the first real negotiations with Sinn Fein to bring about peace in Northern Ireland and lay the groundwork for the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, which ended the thirty years of violence in Northern Ireland.
Throughout the early 1960s, Major worked odd jobs, but was unemployed for much of the time. He occupied himself by joining the Young Conservatives. He finally found steady employment in 1963, working for the London Electricity Board. He also took a correspondence course in banking, which would become his main career. He took a job as an executive at the Standard Charter Bank, which sent him on a business trip to Nigeria in 1967. Nigeria was in the middle of the Biafra War and Major almost died in a car crash there. He survived the car accident, but lost a kneecap. He married his wife, Norma Wagstaff, in October 1970 and they have two children.
In the 1979 General Election, Major was elected Conservative MP for Huntington. He served in Parliament for twenty-two years. When neighboring MP John Wakeham was badly injured in the 1984 Brighton bombing, Major acted as substitute MP for Wakeham's constituency. The following year, Major was appointed Minister for Pensions and Social Security. He was appointed Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 1987 and in 1989, was appointed Foreign Secretary. He accompanied Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on the trip to Malaysia to meet with heads of other Commonwealth Countries. But after being Foreign Secretary for only three months, he was moved to the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer.
In November 1990, Michael Heseltine contested Thatcher for the leadership of the Conservative Party. Thatcher did not win the required two-thirds majority to remain leader, so a second ballot was held. Thatcher's cabinet all told her that she would lose a leadership ballot to Heseltine and encouraged her to resign. So on November 22, 1990, Thatcher stood down as Prime Minister. But the Conservatives still had to elect a new leader. Heseltine was in for the second ballot. Major now entered the contest, as Thatcher's preferred candidate. So did Douglas Hurd, the Foreign Secretary. Major won the second ballot and went on to become Prime Minister.
Major had some giant shoes to fill on becoming Prime Minister. At first, people welcomed his quiet, low-key and modest public manner, but it quickly became clear that John Major was just not up to the job. Nonetheless, he narrowly won the 1992 General Election for the Conservative Party. Major's term in office brought Britain's humiliating withdrawal from the ERM in late-1992. He tried to steer a middle course on Europe, but only angered both the pro-Europeans and the Eurosceptics in the Conservative Party. His failure to ratify the Maastrict Treaty in Britain cost him. He tried to re-focus the Conservative Party on "basics"--rule of law, police, family values, education--but this backfired as the media was encouraged to start digging for scandal, and they found it.
Major's authority was so badly diminished that in 1995, he brought matters to a head by calling a leadership ballot for July and vowing to step down if he did not receive the required majority. His line to his opponents was "Put up or shut up." He won the ballot, but it resolved nothing and he spent his last two years in office marking time. The Conservative Party lost its majority in Parliament in December 1996, but Major managed to stay in office for a few more months.
Finally, Major's term ran out and he called a General Election for May 1997. It was a long campaign, in which he hoped to stave off defeat and give the Labour Party, now led by Tony Blair, enough time to trip up and lose the election. But on 1 May 1997, the Conservative Party suffered its worst-ever defeat. Labour won by a landslide, with a 179 seat majority in Parliament. Major held his seat, but a number of cabinet ministers went down to defeat. Major resigned as leader of the Conservative Party immediately after the election, but he remained in Parliament until he stood down in the 2001 election.
As Prime Minister, Major engaged in the first real negotiations with Sinn Fein to bring about peace in Northern Ireland and lay the groundwork for the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, which ended the thirty years of violence in Northern Ireland.
